Postmodernism Is a Philosophy of Art That Came to the Forefront After the Second World War
Modernism in the arts refers to the rejection of the Victorian era'due south traditions and the exploration of industrial-age, existent-life issues, and combines a rejection of the by with experimentation, sometimes for political purposes. Stretching from the late 19th century to the center of the 20th century, Modernism reached its acme in the 1960s; Mail service-modernism describes the flow that followed during the 1960s and 1970s. Postal service-modernism is a dismissal of the rigidity of Modernism in favor of an "anything goes" approach to subject area affair, processes and material.
MODERNISM IN Fine art
Monet painting in his garden in Argenteuil by Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
The shift to modernism tin can be partly credited to new freedoms enjoyed by artists in the tardily 1800s. Traditionally, a painter was deputed by a patron to create a specific work. The belatedly 19th century witnessed many artists capable of seizing more time to pursue subjects in their personal interest.
At the same time, the growing field of psychology turned the assay of homo experiences in and encouraged a more abstruse kind of scientific discipline, which inspired the visual arts to follow.
With shifts in technology creating new materials and techniques in art-making, experimentation became more possible and also gave the resulting work a wider reach. Printing advances in the late 1800s meant posters of artwork widened the public's awareness of art and design and ferried experimental ideas into the pop culture.
Officially debuting in 1874, Impressionism is considered the offset Modernist art movement. With leaders like Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, the Impressionists use of brief, fierce brush strokes and the altering effect of light separated their work from what came before information technology. The Impressionists' focus on modern scenes was a straight rejection of classical discipline matter.
Subsequent movements such as Mail-Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Constructivism, and De Stijl were just a sampling of those following the experimental path started by Impressionism.
DADA
A woman looks at 'Fountain' past Marcel Duchamp during a printing preview of an exhibition at the Barbican Art Gallery in London, England. (Credit: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images)
The Dada movement took experimentation farther past rejecting traditional skill and launching an all-out art rebellion that embraced nonsense and applesauce. Dadaist ideas first appeared in 1915, and the movement was fabricated official in 1918 with its Berlin Manifesto.
French artist Marcel Duchamp exemplified the haughty playfulness of the Dadaists. His 1917 piece Fountain, a signed porcelain urinal, and his 1919 L.H.O.O.Q., a impress of Leonardo da Vinci'south Mona Lisa with a mustache penciled over it, both turn their dorsum on the very idea of creating art. In doing so, Duchamp predicted Post-Modernism.
Abstract Expressionism
Artist Jackson Pollock working in his studio. (Credit: Martha Holmes/The LIFE Motion picture Collection/Getty Images)
Modernism reached its top with Abstruse Expressionism, which began in the late 1940s in the United States. Moving abroad from commonplace subjects and techniques, Abstract Expressionism was known for oversized canvasses and pigment splashes that could seem cluttered and arbitrary.
Each Abstract Expressionist work functioned equally both a certificate of the artist's subconscious and a map of the concrete movements required to create the art. Painter Jackson Pollack became famous for his method of dripping pigment onto canvas from above.
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NEO DADA AND Popular ART
Painted Bronze (Ballantine Ale) by Jasper Johns. (Credit: Peter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo)
The transition period betwixt Modernism and Post-Modernism happened throughout the 1960s. Popular Fine art served as a span between them. Pop Art was obsessed with the fruits of capitalism and pop culture, like pulp fiction, celebrities and consumer appurtenances.
Begun in England in the late 1950s but popularized in America, the movement was informed past erstwhile Abstract Expressionists like Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, who had metamorphosed into the Neo-Dada move of the belatedly 1950s.
Rauschenberg's 1960 sculpture of Ballantine Ale cans pre-dated Pop artist Andy Warhol's famous Campbell'due south Soup cans. Warhol gained farther fame from his haunting silk screen portraits, nigh famously of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, while Popular Art compatriot Roy Lichtenstein plundered comic volume panels for his paintings.
POST-MODERNISM
Post-modernism, equally it appeared in the 1970s, is ofttimes linked with the philosophical motion Poststructuralism, in which philosophers such as Jacques Derrida proposed that structures within a civilization were bogus and could exist deconstructed in order to exist analyzed.
As a result, there was little to unite Post-Modern art other than the idea that "anything goes" and the preponderance of unusual materials and mechanical processes for expression that experience impersonal, though ofttimes employ sense of humor.
At the middle of Post-Modernism was conceptual art, which proposed that the meaning or purpose behind the making of the fine art was more of import than the art itself. There was as well the belief that anything could be used to make art, that art could take any form, and that there should exist no differentiation between high fine art and low fine art, or fine art and commercial art.
Artist Jean-Michel paints in St. Moritz, Switzerland,1983. (Credit: Lee Jaffe/Getty Images)
Post-modern work in the 1970s was sometimes derided equally "fine art for art's sake," but it gave rise to the credence of a host of new approaches. Amongst these new forms were Earth art, which creates work on natural landscapes; Functioning art; Installation fine art, which considers an entire space rather than just one slice; Process fine art, which stressed the making of the work as more important than the outcome; and Video fine art, as well as movements based around feminist and minority fine art.
The 1980s saw the rise of appropriation every bit a much-used practice. Painters like Jean-Michael Basquiat and Keith Haring directly mimicked graffiti styles, while artists like Sherrie Levine lifted the actual work of other artists to use in their creations. In 1981, Levine photographed a Walker Evans photograph and represented information technology as a new piece of work questioning the very idea of an original photo.
Mail service-modern fine art has since get less defined by the form the art takes and more determined by the artist creating the piece of work. American artist Jenny Holzer, who came to prominence in the 1970s with her conceptual art made from language, embodies this model.
Holzer's "Truisms" are deceptively uncomplicated sentences that communicate complicated, ofttimes contradictory, ideas, such every bit "Protect me from what I want." She has also produced a body of work from the American government'due south apply of torture during the Iraq War. Holzer's curation of text, rather than whatsoever visual motif, is the consistent aspect uniting her piece of work.
Some art historians believe the Post-Modern era concluded at the beginning of the 21st Century and refer to the following period as Mail Post-Modernistic.
SOURCES
History of Modern Art. H.H. Arnason and Marla F. Prather.
Modern Fine art: Impressionism To Postal service-Modernism. Edited past David Britt.
Fine art of the Western Globe. Michael Wood.
What Is Modern Art? Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Modernism. Tate.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/art-history/history-of-modernism-and-post-modernism
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